As mentioned earlier, lack of sleep can result in decreased mental alertness and cognitive function. b. life expectancy has reached a new high. In other words, physical dependence in and of itself is of limited utility in determining whether or not someone has a substance use disorder. Dreams and their associated meanings vary across different cultures and periods of time. PSY-352 Topic 2 Quiz 1 Online - GetMyAnswers.com Sleep can be divided into two different general phases: REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep. They named each of the three states: "Close," when a male is closer than average to a female and approaching her slowly; "Chasing," when he is approaching quickly; and "Whatever," when he is facing away from her and moving slowly. There is a trend that females report more somatic symptoms than males; thus, more females are diagnosed with somatic symptom disorder than males (APA, 2022). While we all experience altered states of consciousness in the form of sleep on a regular basis, some people use drugs and other substances that result in altered states of consciousness as well. Sleep is also associated with the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone (National Institutes of Health, n.d.). D) the demographic characteristics of the person C) the severity and duration of the problem. Increased alertness, mild euphoria, decreased appetite in low doses. Toleranceis linked to physiological dependence, and it occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. With repeated use of many central nervous system depressants, such as alcohol, a person becomes physically dependent upon the substance and will exhibit signs of both tolerance and withdrawal. These drugs share in common their ability to serve as agonists of the gamma-Aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system. There may also be differences in both brain structure and function in infants that die from SIDS (Berkowitz, 2012; Mage & Donner, 2006; Thach, 2005). How the brain's internal states affect decision-making This becomes a self-perpetuating cycle because increased anxiety leads to increased arousal, and higher levels of arousal make the prospect of falling asleep even more unlikely. Devices like this are designed to provide exposure to bright light to help people maintain a regular circadian cycle. As mentioned earlier, one of the criteria for insomnia involves experiencing these symptoms for at least three nights a week for at least one months time (Roth, 2007). Hypnosis in conjunction with other techniques is used for a variety of therapeutic purposes and has shown to be at least somewhat effective for pain management, treatment of depression and anxiety, smoking cessation, and weight loss (Alladin, 2012; Elkins, Johnson, & Fisher, 2012; Golden, 2012; Montgomery, Schnur, & Kravits, 2012). Which of the following was an advance in science and medicine in the18th and 19th centuries? These symptoms usually are opposite of the effects of the drug. Asleep spindleis a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory (Fogel & Smith, 2011; Poe, Walsh, & Bjorness, 2010). A neighbor called the police after witnessing Falater standing over his wifes body before dragging her into the pool. Clonazepam, an anti-anxiety medication with sedative properties, is most often used to treat RBD. Participants were told they would not feel pain, but they could press a button if they did; while they reported not feeling pain, they did, in fact, press the button, suggesting a dissociation of consciousness while in the hypnotic state (Hilgard & Hilgard, 1994). Which of the following is true regarding patient adherence: d - all of the above (a - the average adherence rate for taking medication to treat acute illness is about 67%, b - adherence to taking medicine . Wakefulnessis characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior. Keep your bedroom temperature between 60 and 67 degrees. (2005) found that sleepwalking was not alleviated with the use of benzodiazepines. As already mentioned, the hypothalamus contains the SCNthe biological clock of the bodyin addition to other nuclei that, in conjunction with the thalamus, regulate slow-wave sleep. Surprisingly, sleep apnea may exacerbate cardiovascular disease (Snchez-de-la-Torre, Campos-Rodriguez, & Barb, 2012). Methamphetamine in its smokable form, often called crystal meth due to its resemblance to rock crystal formations, is highly addictive. Interestingly, individuals who have increased levels of alpha brain wave activity (more often associated with wakefulness and transition into stage 1 sleep) during stage 3 often report that they do not feel refreshed upon waking, regardless of how long they slept (Stone, Taylor, McCrae, Kalsekar, & Lichstein, 2008). While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. d. the gender gap between male and female life expectancy has increased. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. This can lead to people compulsively using stimulants such as cocaine and amphetamines, in part to try to reestablish the persons physical and psychological pre-use baseline. a. will be healthier than children because they are exposed to fewer infectious diseases.b. While it is probably the most commonly used drug in the world, the potency of this particular drug pales in comparison to the other stimulant drugs described in this section. Another evolutionary hypothesis of sleep holds that our sleep patterns evolved as an adaptive response to predatory risks, which increase in darkness. States of Consciousness - Psychology 2e - Maricopa How does hypnosis work? Reduced urine. Thirst. Pain relief, euphoria, sleepiness. . In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. a. Gastrointestinal symptoms including abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting. Anopioidis one of a category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine. One of the nurses said, If youve had a partner who does work regular job 9 to 5 office hours . In fact, it has been suggested that there is no reason to think that energetic demands could not be addressed with periods of rest and inactivity (Frank, 2006; Rial et al., 2007), and some research has actually found a negative correlation between energetic demands and the amount of time spent sleeping (Capellini, Barton, McNamara, Preston, & Nunn, 2008). It appeared that Scott Falater had killed his wife in his sleep, or at least, that is the defense he used when he was tried for his wifes murder (Cartwright, 2004; CNN, 1999). This feeling of a depressed mood is also accompanied by two or more additional symptoms, to include changes in appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, low energy or fatigue, low self-esteem, feelings of hopelessness, and poor concentration or difficulty with decision making. Stimulant users seek aeuphoric high, feelings of intense elation and pleasure, especially in those users who take the drug via intravenous injection or smoking. One popular hypothesis of sleep incorporates the perspective of evolutionary psychology. A person who has a substance use disorder often uses more of the substance than they originally intended to and continues to use that substance despite experiencing significant adverse consequences. These individual differences in circadian patterns of activity are known as a persons chronotype, and research demonstrates that morning larks and night owls differ with regard to sleep regulation (Taillard, Philip, Coste, Sagaspe, & Bioulac, 2003). There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. Yarmila Falaters body was found in the familys pool with 44 stab wounds. Insudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies. While many users snort cocaine, intravenous injection and inhalation (smoking) are also common. Evolutionary psychologyis a discipline that studies how universal patterns of behavior and cognitive processes have evolved over time as a result ofnatural selection. Access for free athttps://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction. In 2012, Kromann and Nielson reported on a case study of a 40-year-old woman who suffered significant ill effects from her use of caffeine. If people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they will spend more time in REM sleep in what would appear to be an effort to recoup the lost time in REM. During this time, an individuals heart rate and respiration slow dramatically. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. Insomnia, a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep, is the most common of the sleep disorders. It is not uncommon for people suffering from insomnia to experience increased levels of anxiety about their inability to fall asleep. Given that withdrawal from a drug often involves an experience opposite to the effect of the drug, it should be no surprise that opioid withdrawal resembles a severe case of the flu. Biological rhythmsare internal rhythms of biological activity. Shock: Signs, Causes, and Types - Healthline Melatonin is thought to be involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system (Hardeland et al., 2006). To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. For example, most people sleep during the night and are awake during the day. NCEH provides leadership to promote health and quality of life by preventing or controlling those diseases, birth defects, or disabilities resulting from interaction between people and the environment. Two of them I didnt even know I was involved in until afterwards (Henry & Rosenthal, 2013, p. 52). We spend approximately one-third of our lives sleeping. As a result, many of us sleep less than 78 hours a night and accrue a sleep debt. Positive Symptoms in Schizophrenia - Verywell Mind For example, body temperature fluctuates cyclically over a 24-hour period (Figure 4.2). Adepressantis a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity. Ethanol, which we commonly refer to as alcohol, is in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants (Figure 4.15). Some newer CPAP masks are smaller and cover only the nose. Narcolepsy is associated with reduced levels of the signaling molecule hypocretin in some areas of the brain (De la Herrn-Arita & Drucker-Coln, 2012; Han, 2012), and the traditional stimulant drugs do not have direct effects on this system. The brain waves associated with this stage of sleep are very similar to those observed when a person is awake, as shown inFigure 4.11, and this is the period of sleep in which dreaming occurs. Stimulantsare drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity. Remarkably, Falater insisted that he had no recollection of hurting his wife in any way. Opioids have analgesic properties; that is, they decrease pain. The typical positive symptoms of schizophrenia , such as hallucinatory experiences or fixed delusional beliefs, tend to be very upsetting and disruptivenot a positive experience at all for you or someone you care about who is experiencing them.