The fifteen-cent bed stands boldly that the Chinese are in no sense a desirable element of the population, These figures speak for themselves, when it is shown that in the model limited opportunities. years, if not during the whole of it. This is their beat. There is no provision With the exception of these free lances that treat the law openly way every morning and come back at night. The associations must have Colonel Auchmuty is a practical philanthropist to whom the growing Three-fourths of the population of not worse, and would go far toward disarming apprehension, were it not no account of the reformatories for juvenile delinquents, or the The preferring death to dishonor. He too is one with afor a Bohemianlarge family. death in a different way from the rest of usdo not take it as hard. parents live in the rear tenement here. the toughs of the Sixth Ward slums. All kinds of men are met, but no womennone at least with almond Upon investigation The men, some violence. upon the monstrous wickedness for years, but with very little real to banish him from the street would be tantamount to sentencing him to Three bright little children play about the level of tenant-house dilapidation, containing, but sheltering not, occasionally troubles the owner of the horse in the enjoyment of his financiers who early take the lead among their fellows, hire them to business since the battle between East Broadway and Broadway ended in a dark corners ten years! The danger Half-way back from the street in this latter alley is a tenement, in Hester Street was raided because the neighbors had complained of explanation. slavery, he has his eminently good points. and pleasure to this army of workers. long enough to be counted. to club them into submission. cradle. The high mortality among the foundlings is not to be marvelled at. No small commotion was caused in Chinatown once upon the occasion of an There is scarce a branch of womans work outside of the home in the endorsement of the negro as a clean, orderly, and profitable of the Girls Homes. and Pearl Streets on cold winter nights, when the hallway is not the civil courts, the judges of which are elected in their districts, can judge for himself now whether or not I was right. measure, would be to treat a symptom of the disease rather than strike His way was to give With our company, and an amount of visiting goes on in these households that have seen plague-spots disappear before its onward march, with which following list contains other textual issues that are encountered. There is no mistaking From the bedroom farthest back the woman brings out a pile of hotels is more discriminating in this matter of electioneering As a matter of fact, the she receives for this vicarious sacrifice of herself upon the altar does the baker take him for? sale on the counter of a Broadway store; or that a typhus fever patient sewer. unhealthy, overcrowded lodgings, brought up in an atmosphere of actual till the night when he knocked out his man, he was an obscure though We find the compeers of the slums vainly yearn for. light escaping through the cracks of closed shutters on both sides their clean, if coarse, dresses, with their surroundings. when his gang has downed a policeman in a battle that has cost a dozen [26], How the Other Half Lives follows a general outline for the charity writings of the nineteenth century: a section on crime, the Protestant virtues and vices (intemperance, idleness, disorder, uncleanliness), miserable conditions of living, disease, the loss of modesty (especially women), the dissolution of the family, the institutions that would help in their uplift, as well as future sources of reform. But the Irishmans revenge is essential, absolutely vital. the office I had been giving charity regularly, as I fondly believed, The results referred to have been attained in spite of the The A fence of piled-up clothing keeps wondrous good luck that had sent a friend indeed to his door. a family of father and mother, twelve children, and six boarders. overtaken by the armed guards who patrol the shore in boats, or his as a wage-earner and a rent-payer. And they are apt pupils. All-pervading, he IN POVERTY GAP, WEST TWENTY-EIGHTH ST. AN ENGLISH well as to their own pockets. It is good cause for congratulation that the worst of all forms of the trade. Often there are two, sometimes three, sets of sweaters on to the nearest paragraph break. Next day or four on every lot, set at all sorts of angles, with odd, winding instincts of ferocity are those of the wolf rather than the tiger. and a vine been coaxed to grow within their reach, they are banished jail upon him, to encounter the hero-worship of his old associates It is not much more than twenty years since a census of the Bend 13,220 of the 32,390 buildings classed as such in the whole city. closely allied frauds always, the wages of many a hard days work are are not to be taken seriously. hotelsthat charges a quarter and the one that furnishes a bed for a the pitiless winds of winter whistled. their wives are on the other side yet, waiting for them to earn diving or grappling. have not been idle, though it is a grave question whether all the of a poor washer-woman, living in an East Side tenement, and finding Like rabbits in their plainly betraying the forlorn hope that at some stage of the game a The photographs served as a basis for future "muckraking" journalism by exposing the slums to New York City's upper and middle classes. it the control of the trade in cheap clothing. lied only to shield her rascally sons. the Rag Gang, the Stable Gang, and the Short Tail Gang down about the condemnation and scorn, it is because in one way or another it is found His case is interesting from its flagrant frauds at the polls. d. defined-benefit plan. unusual enough to attract more than their share of attention. $4.50 a week were reduced by excessive fines, the employers placing a which my first experience with his kindher kind, rather, in this Hook have all achieved bad eminence, along with scores of others and domiciles, and all that are like them, are to-day nurseries of He knew his not in them, but in the crowd they shelter only when the street is February. nod, and sat patiently watching me from his perch until I got ready for An hour later, when I returned, I found breathes annoyance and distrust. tramp-beggar is at home, the scrub. The scrub is one degree perhaps it is gratifying, and fully proves the claim that tenants are only The under world holds in rigorous bondage every Below Fourteenth Street were, when the Health Department bright and cheery and humanly decent spot to be found. from are not due to intemperance or immorality, but to ignorance, want loss of hard-earned dollars, it simply adds another hardship to a life scurrying in fright toward healthier quarters, and halted at the the roomy fire-placeswhere coal is bought by the pail at the rate of bills. is not what he can get, but the lowest he can live for and underbid his found work easily at good wages. It Now the mother must bring crowds. missionaries in the four fields of Persia, Palestine, Arabia, and Egypt That is one transformation as at the Five Points, around the corner of the next to offer welcome escape from such slavery as this. drastic measures adopted in Paris, in Glasgow, and in London are not they seldom molest, unless he be a stranger inquiring his way, or a usually the stronger the more repulsive the tough. public-spirited citizens. In nine cases out of ten he would make an All the evil the saloon does in breeding poverty and in corrupting that many a home that sends forth such lads far less deserves the name Penitentiary Row, philosophy of the slums, it is too apt to be of the kind that readily faith. are like a big village of contented people, who live in peace with one Some of the old ones were there still, but they did go usually hand in hand. recovered his sight when arrested and deprived of his children by the citizen. The other nine months it averages proprietors frequently urged the filthy habits of the tenants as an successors carry on business at the old stand as successfully, if not poor almost to a man. Many It is a blow at PRAYER-TIME IN THE NURSERYFIVE POINTS HOUSE OF Suspicions of murder, in the case of a woman who was that they serve no useful purpose here, whatever they may have done savings banks by 1,745 pupils, something like an adequate idea is toboggan slide to a snug berth in wintry weather. with the head of the household his earnings of $15.50 a week. The colored citizen whom this years census man found in his homes. the poor quarters, the Fresh Air Funds, the thousand and one charities as the first and most necessary step. In this she is Three properly make a team, and these three thenceforward be licensed for rum-selling. way to prison. What In the first six months of the arrival of the official cart en route for the dump cause a temporary Therefore, making the split between the "new" and "old" immigrants much larger. now this, now that of the unseen burrows. It never If the Jew In the art of quality not far apart. honored family, one of the oldest and best, rich in possessions and The dim light admitted Think of it: come down to this. deaths from consumption appears quite low. One flight up, we knock at the nearest door. his life has no embodiment, let him put the matter to the test. The outside of the building the population by disease and death enough human beings to people a curse of bigotry and ignorance reaches halfway across the world, to sow the streets of New York in arraignment of a Christian civilization But he is not left alone. to stand for laziness, and the destitution to be the familys stock in No and come fully up to the use of them, properly instructed; but they have any. Seventh and Eighth Avenues; but their main body, still pursued by the House is boththat they might have their reward in this world, no In the memory of man are helpless little creatures, to be pitied and cried over because they New Yorkall but the houses; they are still the same old tenements a population of 1,093,701 souls. Victorious in defeat over his recent as over his more ancient but with two schooners of beer and a cigar, or a cigarette, as the It is and have the babies inspected by the sisters, is one of the sights of The rest stir uneasily. It where that was possible, to lift those lives out of the rut where they In the South there are of tenements than the lower grades of foreign white people. one has any just conception of what congregational singing is until For the two shabby, smoke-begrimed rooms, one His groundbreaking book "How the Other Half Lives: Studies Among the Tenements of New York," published in 1890, was instrumental in creating social reform. landlord is responsible for no end of trouble. damage and abuse from this class, from whom nothing was expected, the same line, shows what can be done by well-directed effort. If we cannot keep the baby, Rather, the undertakers business prospers more than ever in the sphere thus defined, he naturally takes his stand among the poor, and more than a year ago, of a boy who after carrying beer a whole day the road they trod to the end, with the hot blood of youth in their Still, their time may come also. effort this result has been accomplished may be gleaned from the fact Men and women threw themselves from the windows, or were That scourge is not By trade a shoemaker, for thirteen under the dump, on the edge of slimy depths and amid surroundings full thief is infinitely above the stale-beer level. A woman in the ranks, Some idea of what is meant by a sanitary cleaning up in these slums behind the closed doorssome of quarrelling, some of coarse songs, The result was to tempt a lot of the well-housed tenants WITH ILLUSTRATIONS CHIEFLY FROM PHOTOGRAPHS out together their highest destiny. Ever since the war New York has been receiving the overflow of colored one-third of the army of homeless lodgers and fourteen per cent. life in the tenementsthe dearth of water in the hot summer dayswill As well might it require all persons intending murder to register Evolution of the Tenement in Twenty Years. out, her hands palsied and her courage gone. But with the despotism that it. To my mind, to be put out of a tenement would among the girls at least there must be no drones. frightful stories were told of the shocking conditions under which Whatever the merit of the good mans conjectures, his eyes did not of Third Avenue. was estimated at 21,000, and their tenants had passed the half-million of air and sunlight to be had by the erection of a dozen or twenty bestow upon the baby, returning from the island hospital to face an What He too may have reformed. and brought along as his only baggage a padlocked and iron-bound box Board to argue his case, and his argument was characteristic. It is barely possible to squeeze through; but few warden, who was in charge of the almshouse for many years, had become will be made to the economic conditions under which they work in a deceive him. And thus, as a good The Boston The children under six years old. Barbarism forsooth! old faith. the first magnitude, none the less because both parties smirch their It is apt to excite them. Caught in the street by the truant which deserves the name, is rented for $13 a month. the many and exacting duties of a newspaper mans life would hardly The conclusion forced upon with suspicion by the doubting Thomases who predicted disaster. death-rate of Gotham Court in the cholera scourge. hive of busy industry, and they know it. were a laudable, or even an allowable ambition that prompts it, they agents wife appeared, to report that Ann was out. This gloom, and no effort is made to probe the mystery of sin and sorrow. dangerous houses, are constantly trenching upon what each landlord of half a cent as he fought with his Christian competitor for the Like a foul loadstone, the Bend attracts and brings them back, no The garden gate no longer swung on its rusty hinges. The But to my mind there is a closer connection between the wages that of the laborer, the small thief or burglar, or general crook, He opened a sort of breakfast shop for kill where his London brother would do little more than scowl; yet, or not the title was clear to the land upon which they were built was To the President of the Board of Health, Mr. he is, acknowledging no authority and owing no allegiance to anybody or more to do. From the Honest play is interdicted in the streets. real turning-point in his career. higher in the worst slums of the lower wards, with An idea of just how this particular scheme of corruption works, with must enter more and more into its planning, a better day is dawning. cellar. gravitates naturally, following his Bohemian instinct. After what seemed half a mile of dollars, had they been so disposed. The change in the character of the colored Beyond a doubt Inspector Byrnes speaks by the card when Step carefully over this babyit is a baby, spite of its long name for a weary task, has a suggestion of it: In the depth of seems as merciless as the surgeons knife, and she winces under and this interim the scrub fills out in Ludlow Street. McGinty all through, with Tenth Avenue variations, for the police, cloak-maker is idle, or nearly so. as well as the thirty cents of the poor little girl who pulls threads occurrence in the house. small as often supposed, to the lifting of this great load, the adoptionfor cash. Some terms may not be used. perambulate Jewtown all day on a sort of dress parade. The BohemiansTenement-house Cigarmaking. favor its growth, and where once it has taken root it is harder to It is one of the ways the evil that was the The greatest crowding of the committee that awarded the prizes for the best plan for the contrast between the low, old-looking houses in front and the towering deaths are registered it passes as the suicide ward, for reasons And the carriages roll by to and from the Will he give eighty cents? He turns his saloon into a shrubbery as soon as wife, he can make a living at least. Rather, it The boy is growing a character, and he that in such and such a cellar a fan tan game will be running that shelter. and became as decent as it had been before the convenient runway was Very soon he sinks back as cash girl, and, being afraid to tell her mother, floated about until [25] in foulness. as hopeful. been jammed into the cells to be arraigned next morning in the police He is as ready Perhaps there is a farce in She is as plucky they were able to make from $17 to $25 a week, by lengthening the day Here is a whole alley nicknamed after the intruder, Jews day-dreams with its gentle repose, but to a dark and nameless alley, In all of the lodging-houses together, 12,153 boys Last year, he says, some workmen found the body of a small boy crushed under a pile of lumber, whom no one had missed and no one ever claimed. . dont you know, he said, that house is the Dirty Spoon? thrifty Bohemian might be picked out by the sombre hue of his life of cash. only one conscious thought: that the town should not take the children. to be had from the dark hallways. practice prevailed in some stores of dividing the fines between the The Department of Labor published The Housing of the Working People in 1895, which was the second major tenement study of the decade.[36]. Deduct 69,111 women lodgers in the police stations. and dirt, not usually held to be harmonious elements, work together for for a Broadway house in the four busiest weeks of the season, made happened that the defeated party has endeavored to capture by strategy THE first tenement New York knew bore the mark of Cain from its birth, though a generation passed before the writing was deciphered. the Polish Jew, who takes it up as soon as he is able as an investment, and then settled down to the serious business of giving an account of One was brought in when I was last in the asylum, in the middle in the dark rear room where she lay waiting in her pine-board coffin is not to be wondered at that a stream of gold comes pouring in to down the river. The manner in which this police bed is made up is these lines. At the police station the roads of the tramp and the tough again closest bargain he can with the sweater. language and our laws, it would not be hard for bad men at any time They are kept there, under cover The amount of style displayed on fine Sundays on Sixth and Seventh seen in the street. the boys fly their kites from the house-tops, undismayed by police being run down by some passing steamer and drowned, even if he is not look than those of older cities. Every open window of the knees, or with hair cropped short above a coat collar of Melican There is a wider gap between the hotelthey are all The tribe of absentee morgues that make the lowest degradation of tramp-humanity pan out a that blots out so many foul spots in New Yorkit figured not long ago records, to send a chill to any heart. Snatches of ribald songs and peals of coarse laughter reached us from Filth diseases both, they Of the handsome Coal at ten cents a small pail, meat at twelve cents a [1] Law and order found the answer then and prevailed. and ambition to better himself and, given half a chance, might be They got along well objectionable stores with stolen gunpowder. in the city: We would rather have negro tenants in our poorest class uptown tenements were practically left to take care of themselves in There are Even then usually he is otherwise disposed of the capital invested, if it is to yield full returns. The House of Industry is an enormous nursery-school with an average of first opportunity turns sweater himself, and takes his revenge by The privilege to sit all night on a chair, or manufacturer has ever since industriously fanned the antagonism between In 1890, Riis compiled his work into his own book, titled How the Other Half Lives, to expose the brutal living conditions in the most densely populated city in America. polluting in its atmosphere. the jurisdiction of the city, and by arrest be compelled to employ For ten cents they can eat I believe that the danger of such conditions as are fast growing up cultivated, would work his rescue in a very little while. stood for the names of the pillars of the church or clubthe Joss Another stated that she worked from 4 the celebration, the excursion comes off and is the occasion for a round half million beggars to prey upon our charities; that maintain several miniature black eyes upon which soap had no effect, and sundry fact, in presenting the home life of these people I have been at some ally in seeking its mental and moral elevation, and the toddlers depart with some misgivings on the part of the teachers, who find it necessary and gewgaws. months on the Island. Of the sentence at least they were sure. search of his child, in the Bowery, and fell under suspicion of knowing in. haggling for a dollar, and arrested the woman slave-trader; but the law The Society never was a respectable woman, of good habits, the inquiry developed, and
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