However, leukocyte vitamin C concentration does not accurately reflect vitamin C in several tissues and may specifically underestimate vitamin C uptake into skeletal muscle (26). For more information on the difference between Dr Linus Pauling's recommendation and the Linus Pauling Institute's recommendation for vitamin C intake, select the highlighted text. Nutr Rev. (PubMed), 168. 2013;32(12):1508-1517. Science. Ascorbic Acid: Biochemistry and Biomedical Cell Biology. The Linus Pauling Protocol - Vitamin C Vitamin C Deficiency Has Major Impact on Collagen Production Vitamin C is required to make a protein called collagen which is the major component of connective tissues. Giana Angelo, Ph.D. Cardiovasc Diabetol. 2008;7:35. Antioxidants for Alzheimer disease: a randomized clinical trial with cerebrospinal fluid biomarker measures. 2000;31(10):2287-2294. Vitamin E and C supplementation and risk of cancer in men: posttrial follow-up in the Physicians' Health Study II randomized trial. Contents Summary Function Playing in immunity Bioavailability Deficiency Aforementioned RDA Disease Prevention Cardio-vascular disease Cancer Print 2 diabetes mellitus Adverse pregnancy outcomes Diabetes Care. Chen Q, Espey MG, Sun AY, et al. Kook SY, Lee KM, Kim Y, et al. In this latter trial, a greater decline in the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was observed in the supplemented group, however, the significance of this observation remains unclear. Available at: https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Plasma vitamin C level, fruit and vegetable consumption, and the risk of new-onset type 2 diabetes mellitus: the European prospective investigation of cancer--Norfolk prospective study. 2017;17(1):49. Clinical trials of antioxidants as cancer prevention agents: past, present, and future. 2007;104(21):8749-8754. BMC Complement Altern Med. 2012;56. (PubMed), 109. Controversy surrounding the efficacy of vitamin C in cancer treatment ensued, leading to the recognition that the route of vitamin C administration is critical (22, 159). Milner AD, Rao H, Greenough A. Accessed 7/2/18. Levine M, Wang Y, Padayatty SJ, Morrow J. Goyal A, Terry MB, Siegel AB. In addition, there is currently little evidence to support a role for vitamin C in the management of patients with gout (123). Kitsantas P, Christopher KE. In parallel to these dietary assessment studies, a strong inverse association between plasma vitamin C and mortality from all-causes, cardiovascular disease, and ischemic heart disease (and cancer in men only) was observed in the EPIC-Norfolk multicenter, prospective cohort study (128). They should instead seek or continue treatment with anti-hypertensive medication and make dietary and lifestyle changes in consultation with their health care provider. Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand B. (PubMed), 143. J Am Heart Assoc. Linus Pauling Institute Austria R, Semenzato A, Bettero A. Although ascorbyl palmitate is also available as an oral supplement, most of it is likely hydrolyzed to ascorbic acid and palmitic acid in the digestive tract before it is absorbed (189). Linus Pauling Institute Naeini AM, Elmadfa I, Djazayery A, et al. 2013(10):Cd010391. (PubMed). Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. Department of Pathology & Biomedical Science 2014;12:32. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. 1997;15(6):795-801. (PubMed). McEvoy CT, Milner KF, Scherman AJ, et al. 2007;83(11):707-711. Combined evidence from metabolic, pharmacokinetic, and observational studies, and from randomized controlled trials supports consuming sufficient vitamin C to achieve plasma concentrations of at least 60 mol/L. Adv Pharm Bull. Nutr Res. Mathew MC, Ervin AM, Tao J, Davis RM. In the Vitamins and Lifestyle Study, 77,719men and women (ages 50-76 years) were questioned at baseline on their use of dietary supplements during the previous 10 years (124). Carr AC, Frei B. (PubMed), 19. Another pilot multicenter trial found better lung function during the first week of life and lower risk of wheezing through one year of age in infants whose smoking mothers were randomized to receive vitamin C (500 mg/day) rather than a placebo during pregnancy (95). Relationship of ascorbic acid to blood lead levels. A 2013 systematic review identified 11 randomized controlled studies that evaluated the effect of vitamin C on asthma (eight trials) or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (three trials) (180). The first 250 mg leads you up to the level where the blood is saturated. 2012;64(2):245-254. Pharmacol Rep. 2010;62(4):751-756. Br J Nutr. In contrast, a much larger trial in more than 20,000 men and women with coronary heart disease or diabetes mellitus found that simvastatin and an antioxidant combination (600 mg vitamin E, 250 mg vitamin C, and 20 mg -carotene daily) did not diminish the cardioprotective effects of simvastatin therapy over a five-year period (203). Levine M, Rumsey SC, Daruwala R, Park JB, Wang Y. Limitations inherent to dietary assessment methodology, such as recall bias, measurement error, and residual confounding, may account for some of the inconsistent associations between vitamin C intake and CHD risk. Traxer O, Huet B, Poindexter J, Pak CY, Pearle MS. Effect of ascorbic acid consumption on urinary stone risk factors. You may not copy, modify, distribute, display, transmit, perform, publish or sell any of the copyrightable material on this website. (PubMed), 208. Alterations in the structure and function of the vascular endothelium that lines the inner surface of all blood vessels are associated with the loss of normal nitric oxide-mediated endothelium-dependent vasodilation. Am J Clin Nutr. 1993;57(2):213-217. A cerebrovascular event, or stroke, can be classified as hemorrhagic or ischemic. Mineral salts of vitamin C are considered less acidic than vitamin C and therefore are considered "buffered." Vitamin C. In: Erdman JWJ, Macdonald IA, Zeisel SH, eds. 200. PDR for Nutritional Supplements. 2003;31(4):1250-1256. Conde-Agudelo A, Althabe F, Belizan JM, Kafury-Goeta AC. 2008;168(14):1493-1499. Arthritis Res Ther. (PubMed), 107. Vitamin C treatment substantially reduced the incidence of periprocedural myocardial injury, as assessed by a reduction in the concentrations of two markers of myocardial injury, namely creatine kinase and troponin-I (131). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. email:[emailprotected], Chlorophyll and Metallo-Chlorophyll Derivatives, Healthcare Professional Continuing Education. 1994;151(4):834-837. Curr Opin Crit Care. Jane Higdon, Ph.D. 2003;90(2):148-154. Clean Arteries - How to Remove Plaque from Arteries Naturally Harding AH, Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, et al. In adults, lead toxicity may result in kidney damage, high blood pressure, and anemia. 2001;357(9257):657-663. 2012;37(12):2706-2714. 1976;84B(5):280-284. (PubMed), 134. 2015;6(4):570-581. Overall, evidence suggesting specific drugs can lower blood vitamin C concentrations in humans is limited. (PubMed), 10. How to do the Rath /Pauling Therapy - Heal Yourself At Home Diabetol Metab Syndr. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics: implications for oral and intravenous use. A small randomized controlled trial performed in 60 ischemic stroke patients showed that intravenous vitamin C administration (500 mg/day for 10 days, initiated day 1 post-stroke) had no effect on serum markers of oxidative stress or neurological outcomes compared to placebo(143). (PubMed), 187. Ascorbyl palmitate is marketed as "vitamin C ester," which should not be confused with Ester-C (see above). (PubMed), 88. 1999;10(4):840-845. Vitamin C pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers: evidence for a recommended dietary allowance. Ann Intern Med. The effect of vitamin C, alone or with allopurinol, decreasing serum uric acid was modest and much less than that of allopurinol alone. (PubMed), 191. 2017;71(12):1371-1380. Ascorbic acid and rates of cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. (PubMed), 74. Natural and synthetic L-ascorbic acid are chemically identical and there are no known differences regarding biological activities or bioavailability(186). Some (24, 191, 192), but not all (193-195), studies have reported that supplemental vitamin C increases urinary oxalate concentrations. A 2018 meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of antioxidant vitamin supplementation in patients with type 2 diabetes found that most improvement in markers of oxidative stress and blood glucose control could be attributed to vitamin E(145). Vitamin C to Decrease the Effects of Smoking in Pregnancy on Infant Lung Function (VCSIP): Rationale, design, and methods of a randomized, controlled trial of vitamin C supplementation in pregnancy for the primary prevention of effects of in utero tobacco smoke exposure on infant lung function and respiratory health. Adjuvant effect of vitamin C on omeprazole-amoxicillin-clarithromycin triple therapy for Helicobacter pylori eradication. 2001;345(22):1583-1592. Approximately one-half of the cell lines tested were resistant to vitamin C cytotoxicity, a response associated with high levels of catalase activity. Harris HR, Orsini N, Wolk A. Vitamin C and survival among women with breast cancer: a meta-analysis. 2001 SCCM/ESICM/ACCP/ATS/SIS International Sepsis Definitions Conference. In this case, vitamin C is esterified to the saturated fatty acid, palmitic acid, resulting in a fat-soluble form of vitamin C. Ascorbyl palmitate has been added to a number of skin creams due to interest in its antioxidant properties, as well as its importance in collagen synthesis (see the separate article, Vitamin C and Skin Health) (188). Nutrients. Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Using this approach, Dr. Pauling suggested in the early 1970s that the optimum daily intake may be about 2,000 milligrams of vitamin C and that everyone should get at least 200 to 250 mg/day. 2018;9:1182. 5 Jariwalla RJ, Harakeh S. Antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of ascorbic acid. 2000;71(2):530-536. Oregon State University, Reviewed in December 2018 by: Carr AC, Pullar JM, Bozonet SM, Vissers MC. Vitamin C | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University Vitamin C Foundation Approved Cardio-C (Pauling-therapy) drink mix provides Linus Pauling's specific vitamin C and lysine. J Urol. J Am Coll Nutr. 2013;106(5):310-315. Carter P, Gray LJ, Troughton J, Khunti K, Davies MJ. Effect of Helicobacter pylori and its eradication on gastric juice ascorbic acid. Only one large trial in more than 14,000 older men participating in the Physicians Health Study II (PHS II) reported on cardiovascular outcomes. Simon JA, Hudes ES. 1999;281(15):1415-1423. Although intravenous vitamin C administration appears to be safe and well tolerated, there is a non-negligible risk of oxalate nephropathy (a rare cause of kidney failure) in these critically ill patients (157). Vit C: Linus Pauling Protocol Lysine -author of "How To Live - YouTube Kositsawat J, Freeman VL. Collagen is the most abundant protein in the body. If you are not getting enough Vitamin C to produce collagen for tissue repair, when your arteries become injured they cannot heal properly. Molecular Biology of the Cell. Ramos C, Brito R, Gonzalez-Montero J, et al. PDF The natural cancer secret: The C6 Protocol - Dr. Micozzi A meta-analysis of observational studies found that a reduced risk of age-related cataract with higher dietary vitamin C intakes in case-control studies and with higher circulating vitamin C concentrations in cross-sectional studies. In: Packer L, Fuchs J, eds. (PubMed), 123. People with impaired kidney function may be at risk for aluminum toxicity when supplemental vitamin C is taken at the same time as these compounds (200, 201). High-dose of vitamin C supplementation reduces amyloid plaque burden and ameliorates pathological changes in the brain of 5XFAD mice. Ashor AW, Werner AD, Lara J, Willis ND, Mathers JC, Siervo M. Effects of vitamin C supplementation on glycaemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials. Arch Med Sci. Studies in the 1970s and 1980s conducted by Linus Pauling, Ewan Cameron, and colleagues suggested that large doses of vitamin C (10 g/day infused intravenously for 10 days followed by at least 10 g/day orally indefinitely) were helpful in increasing the survival time and improving the quality of life of terminal cancer patients (158). Am J Clin Nutr. 2004;140(7):533-537. 2011;63(9):1295-1306. For instance, in a study of 747 older men, blood lead concentration was significantly higher in those who reported total dietary vitamin C intakes averaging less than 109 mg/day compared to those with higher vitamin C intakes (181). Surprisingly, when an antioxidant combination (1,000 mg vitamin C, 800 IU vitamin E, 100 g selenium, and 25 mg -carotene daily) was taken with the simvastatin-niacin combination, the protective effects were diminished. Supplemental Forms | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University (PubMed), 130. Neurochem Res. Crit Care Med. Oregon State University, Updated in September 2009 by: The heart muscle may become oxygen-deprived (ischemic) as the result of myocardial infarction or with aortic clamping during coronary artery bypass graft (CABG) surgery. Food and Nutrition Board, Institute of Medicine. In a cohort of 21,831 adults followed for 12 years in the EPIC-Norfolk study, high plasma vitamin C was found to be strongly associated with a reduced risk of diabetes(84). 1997;17(3):415-425. Pfister R, Sharp SJ, Luben R, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. (PubMed), 183. Liability for individual actions or omissions based upon the contents of this site is expressly disclaimed. Compared to standard-of-care, this intervention cocktail more than halved the mean duration of vasopressor use (18.3 h versus 54.9 h) and reduced the odds of mortality by nearly 90% (156). Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. He explained that two-time Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling had given vitamin C a "bad name." In the 3 government's eyes, he was too vocal about its benefits. 1996;155(6):1847-1851. Yet, most studies were small and of short duration and thus did not assess the consequence of long-term use of antioxidant vitamins on the risk of vascular complications in diabetic patients. Sensitivity to vitamin C may also be determined by the expression of sodium-dependent vitamin C transporter-2 (SVCT-2), which transports vitamin C into cells (173). The national study identified smokers and those of lower socioeconomic status to both be at higher risk for vitamin C deficiency (36). (PubMed), 203. Stephen R, Utecht T. Scurvy identified in the emergency department: a case report. To get the best results here, I recommend Cardio-C from the Vitamin C Foundation. Adults. A phase I study in nine patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer showed that millimolar concentrations of plasma vitamin C could be reached safely when administered in conjunction with the cancer chemotherapy drugs, gemcitabine and erlotinib (168). 1999;181(4):1026-1035. Vitamin C/Professional handout/Interactions with drugs. By pooling data from 13 prospective cohort studies comprising 676,141 participants, it was determined that dietary intake of vitamin C was not associated with colon cancer, while total intake of vitamin C (i.e., from food and supplements) was associated with a 19% reduced risk of colon cancer (79). Eur J Cancer Prev. All our products feature Linus Pauling's two main recommendations: Lots of vitamin C and the amino acid lysine to neutralize Lp (a) cholesterol. (National Academy Press), 36. (PubMed), 71. Leuk Lymphoma. (PubMed), 44. J Stroke. Myocardial reperfusion injury leads to complications, such as reperfusion arrhythmias (see Atrial fibrillation) and myocardial stunning. Dahl H, Degre M. The effect of ascorbic acid on production of human interferon and the antiviral activity in vitro. Also after Pauling passed, Life Extension reported on Japanese research showing that vitamin K has hormone-like properties, which help move calcium from soft tissue into bones. Sepsis and septic shockdefined as persistent sepsis-induced low blood pressureare associated with elevated mortality rates in critically ill patients (150, 151). Alexander J. Michels, Ph.D. (PubMed), 175. On the other hand, two other large prospective studies reported that a high intake of vitamin C was associated with an increased risk of kidney stone formation in men (198, 199). (PubMed), 100. (PubMed), 30. 3rd ed. J Infect Dis. Pal J, Sanal MG, Gopal GJ. Hendler SS, Rorvik DM. 2017;151(6):1229-1238. 2007;6:41. Originally written in 2000 by: Annu Rev Nutr. These enzymes contribute to the epigenetic regulation of gene expression by catalyzing reactions involved in the demethylation of DNA and histones. (PubMed), 8 Prinz W, Bortz R, Bregin B, Hersch M. The effect of ascorbic acid supplementation on some parameters of the human immunological defence system. (PubMed), 167. Cigarette smoking during pregnancy causes intrauterine growth restriction and preterm birth, among other pregnancy complications (90, 91), and is the primary cause of childhood respiratory illness (92). A US national survey of more than 10,000 adults found that blood lead concentrations were inversely related to serum vitamin C concentrations (183). In response to invading microorganisms, phagocytic leukocytes release non-specific toxins, such as superoxide radicals, hypochlorous acid ("bleach"), and peroxynitrite; these reactive oxygen species kill pathogens and, in the process, can damage the leukocytes themselves (15). (PubMed), 42. N Engl J Med. 1998;392(6676):559. Clin Chem Lab Med. In developing his recommendations, he used cross-species comparisons, evolutionary arguments, the concept of biochemical individuality, and the amount of vitamin C likely consumed in a raw plant food diet. If you suffer from an acute deficiency of ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) and other nutrients, your body stops producing collagen. (PubMed), 78. 2008;26(3):297-304. Padayatty SJ, Sun H, Wang Y, et al. 2015;4(11). 2014;30(1):96-101. (PubMed), 72. The Therapy: Vitamin C, Lysine and Proline The form of vitamin C recommended by Dr. Linus Pauling is pure pharmaceutical grade ascorbic acid: - Not buffered. 2007;73(4):710-719. One randomized, placebo-controlled trial has examined the effect of intravenous vitamin C administered to patients with stable angina undergoing elective coronary angioplasty (130). 2018;22(1):70. You can achieve a higher volume [concentration] in the blood by a larger intake, but you get much better improvement for the first 250 mg than for additional grams." (PubMed), 94. (PubMed), 75. The Linus Pauling Institute's Micronutrient Information Center provides scientific information on the health aspects of dietary factors and supplements, food . They demonstrated in guinea pigs, which do not internally produce vitamin C as most other mammals do, that lipoprotein-a take the place of ascorbate (vitamin C) in arterial walls, weakening them . A lower dose of 200 mg/day did not significantly affect blood lead concentration, although serum vitamin C concentrations were not different from those in the group who took 1,000 mg/day. 1980;33(1):71-76. Three Arterial Cleansing Regimens - Knowledge of Health Vitamin C supplementation for pregnant smoking women and pulmonary function in their newborn infants: a randomized clinical trial. Nutr J. Lower vitamin C concentrations in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and brain extracellular matrix of a mouse model of AD were found to increase oxidative stress and accelerate amyloid deposition and disease progression (98). No association between fruit, vegetables, antioxidant nutrients and risk of renal cell carcinoma. 2014;15:192. 1998;68(5):309-315. In the past 40 years, numerous placebo-controlled trials have examined the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the prevention and treatment of colds. Vitamin C is the primary water-soluble, non-enzymatic antioxidant in plasma and tissues. Linus Pauling's Recommendations for Vitamin C and Lysine (PubMed), 146. 2010;29(3):215-217. 2013(1):Cd000980. (PubMed), 27. Linus Pauling's Recommendations for Vitamin C and Lysine - The Ezekiel Diet Files Linus Pauling's Recommendations for Vitamin C and Lysine by EzekielDiet.com Posted on Sep 22, 2021 Pauling's Vitamin C and Lysine dosage recommendations from his Unified Theory Lecture on Heart Disease. 2009;20(4):863-871. 2013;5(11):4284-4304. Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Higher SVCT-2 levels were associated with enhanced sensitivity to vitamin C in nine different breast cancer cell lines. Current evidence of the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C in cancer patients is limited to observational studies, uncontrolled interventions, and case reports(174, 175). You may hyperlink to this website but must include the following statement: "This link leads to a website provided by the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. (PubMed), 64. 2001;292(5524):2083-2086. Although CSF vitamin C is maintained at concentrations several-fold higher than plasma vitamin C, the precise function of vitamin C in cognitive function and AD etiology is not yet fully understood (102). Linus Pauling Institute Years later, Dr. Linus Pauling, two-time Nobel Prize winner, is ignored for reporting that large amounts of vitamin C and lysine are needed to prevent coronary attacks. (PubMed), 190. 2011;51(5):1068-1084. Vissers MCM, Das AB. (PubMed), 182. Higher plasma concentrations achieved via intravenous vitamin C administration are comparable to those that are toxic to cancer cells in culture. Dietary beta-carotene, vitamin C and E intake and breast cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). These observations need to be confirmed in larger, well-designed trials. Moreover, several dioxygenases involved in the regulation of gene expression and the maintenance of genome integrity require vitamin C as a cofactor. Some people find them less irritating to the gastrointestinal tract than ascorbic acid. Free Radic Biol Med. 2017;3:Cd011114. Influence of intravenous vitamin E supplementation in cardiac surgery on oxidative stress: a double-blinded, randomized, controlled study. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). Carr AC, Vissers MC. 98. Cell Death Dis. It is widely thought by the general public that vitamin C boosts immune function, yet human studies published to date are conflicting. (PubMed), 110. (PubMed), 90. Abramovici A, Gandley RE, Clifton RG, et al. Dingchao H, Zhiduan Q, Liye H, Xiaodong F. The protective effects of high-dose ascorbic acid on myocardium against reperfusion injury during and after cardiopulmonary bypass. Relation between plasma ascorbic acid and mortality in men and women in EPIC-Norfolk prospective study: a prospective population study.
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