Ann. and F.H. the best experience, we recommend you use a more up to date browser (or turn off compatibility mode in Head Neck Surg. It can be used to help return your sense of smell if it was lost during a viral infection or minor head trauma. A closer look at single symptoms confirmed moderate expression of symptoms (supplementary Figure S1) and the general decrease of symptoms over time (supplementary Figure S2). Google Scholar. Of note, in vitro tests carried out prior to the current study did not indicate any interaction between the study products and the PCR reaction (see supplementary PCR data). An essential round-up of science news, opinion and analysis, delivered to your inbox every weekday. and JavaScript. Google Scholar. Inflammopharmacology 29(5), 14. Article CAS Pharmacol. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. Cornell research team to develop COVID-19 nose spray treatment. It's being studied as a potential way to prevent mild to moderate cases of COVID-19. Antiviral Nasal Spray Shows Promise Fighting COVID-19 The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. This same site is shared among many variants of the COVID virus, so it could be effective against future variants as well, researchers note. The nasal spray, which contains carragelose, a patented version of iota-carrageenan (a form of seaweed), has already been proven to help shorten the duration and severity of cold and flu-like. 11, 25262533. Quack cure or Covid hope? Six science-backed foods that fight Covid Mitze, T. & Rode, J. Early-stage spatial disease surveillance of novel SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern in Germany with crowdsourced data. All authors contributed to the preparation of the manuscript, read and approved the manuscript. The independent 25 variable was the nasal carriage of Bacillus species. In addition, presence or absence of fever (38.0C) was documented daily (0=no fever, 3=fever). was responsible for data management activities. De Vries, R. D. et al. Initial viral loads were log10 6.851.31 (meanSD) copies/mL (ORF 1a/b gene). N. Engl. Lee, C. & Corren, J. Smell Retraining Therapy. & Ware, J. Promising nose spray could prevent and treat COVID-19 The aim of our study was to support the preclinical evidence for azelastines antiviral activity in patients tested positive for SARS-CoV-2. J. Shapira, T., Monreal, I. In a highly relevant and translational in vitro model using reconstituted human nasal tissue, a fivefold diluted commercially available azelastine nasal spray solution inhibited viral replication almost completely within 72h after SARS-CoV-2 infection10. PubMed Povidone iodine mouthwash, gargle, and nasal spray to reduce nasopharyngeal viral load in patients with COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial. ADS Multinomial regression analysis was done to 26 determine the association between nasal carriage of Bacillus and COVID-19 severity after 27 adjusting for age, sex, and co-morbidity status. reviewed, edited and finalised the manuscript. Of note, the decrease of viral load on day 4 was significantly greater in the 0.1% azelastine group (decrease by log10 1.901.03) compared to placebo (decrease by log10 1.050.70). Cite this article. Google Scholar. The analysis of sum symptom scores showed that the study population (ITT analysis set) suffered from moderate symptoms (mean valuesSD: 38.5810.04) on day 1 of the study (supplementary Table S5). PubMed Central Patients were assigned a treatment number in an ascending mode according to their chronological order of inclusion. 62, 50937, Cologne, Germany, CEBINA GmbH, Karl-Farkas-Gasse 22, 1030, Vienna, Austria, Eszter Nagy,Valria Szijrt&Gbor Nagy, Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Dr.-Bohr-Gasse 9, 1030, Vienna, Austria, Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. Effect of bamlanivimab as monotherapy or in combination with etesevimab on viral load in patients with mild to moderate COVID-19: A randomized clinical trial. In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles Samples of day 1 represent pre-treatment baseline samples. June 16, 2022, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, The researchers first tried one dose a day for seven days, starting a day before SARS-CoV-2 infection. The researchers first tried one dose a day for seven days, starting a day before SARS-CoV-2 infection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2021.05.009 (2021). This trial was conducted at the Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery of the Faculty of Medicine of the University of Cologne, Germany. At V1, a comparable distribution of patients with a score of 1 (14.8% in the 0.1% azelastine group, 14.3% in the 0.02% azelastine group and 23.1% in the placebo group) or 2 (85.2% in the 0.1% azelastine group, 85.7% in the 0.02% azelastine group and 76.9% in the placebo group) was observed. . 384, 671673. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32546-z, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-32546-z. Researchers supported in part by the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) have developed a nasal spray that has the potential to not only treat COVID-19 but also prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection in a way that the virus cant mutate to avoid. 90 patients were recruited between 09/03/2021 and 28/04/2021, constituting the safety analysis set. Boots nasal spray could help fight COVID-19, new study finds Patients had to daily document their COVID-19 specific symptoms in an electronic patient diary. The most promising compound, N-0385, virtually stopped infection in its tracks. During the throes of the COVID-19 pandemic, Anne Moscona didnt feel safe going to a restaurant or catching a flight. More information about the results of the study, which was funded in part by NIAID. 18, 110. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-021-01559-3 (2021). Could a Nasal Spray of Designer Antibodies Help to Beat COVID-19? JPK and CL have received grants from the sponsor URSAPHARM Arzneimittel GmbH for performing this trial. Absolute changes in viral copy numbers (log10 cp/ml) from baseline (day 1) over time based on the ORF 1a/b gene (Ct<25 analysis set). https://doi.org/10.1517/14656566.8.5.701 (2007). The physical and mental health summary scores of the SF-36 questionnaire improved during the course of the treatment without statistical differences between groups (data not shown). When given in advance, none of the treated mice had SARS-CoV-2 RNA in their lungs, while untreated mice in the comparison group had abundant levels. The mean bmi of participants was 24.915.27. ICE-COVID a randomised, double blind, placebo-controlled phase III trial of the prophylactic efficacy of iota-carrageenan nasal and throat spray in preventing COVID-19 illness in at risk healthcare professionals. It also appears to work as a treatment if used within 4 hours after infection inside the nose, new research reveals., Known as TriSb92(brand name Covidin, from drugmaker Pandemblock Oy in Finland), the viral inhibitoralso appears effective against all coronavirus variants of concern, neutralizing even the Omicron variants BA.5, XBB, and BQ.1.1 in laboratory and mice studies., Unlike a COVID vaccine that boosts a persons immune system as protection, the antiviral nasal spray works more directly by blocking the virus, acting as a "biological mask in the nasal cavity," according to the biotechnology company set up to develop the treatment.. 83, 237279. Other evidence of viral infection showed similar differences between treated and untreated mice in the protective lining of cells called the, inside the nose, nasal mucosa, and airways., : Intranasal trimeric sherpabody inhibits SARS-CoV-2 including recent immunoevasive Omicron subvariants.. Patients aged 18 to 60years were eligible to participate if tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 in a Corona test centre by PCR test within 48h prior to inclusion and had to quarantine at home due to instructions of the local health authority. Thus, a nitric oxide nasal spray was shown to reduce the viral load in adult patients with mild COVID-19 infection, and an accelerated SARS-CoV-2 clearance compared to placebo was demonstrated18. Pharmacol. The reduction of virus load (reflected by decreases of ORF 1a/b gene copy numbers) from baseline to the end of treatment (day 11) was log10 4.452.26 in the 0.1% azelastine group, log10 4.122.01 in the 0.02% azelastine and log10 3.821.61 in the placebo group (Fig. Yang, L. et al. Outpatients visiting Corona test centres were informed about the possibility of participating in the trial. The researchers first tried one dose a day for seven days, starting a day before SARS-CoV-2 infection. Betadine as COVID-19 Prevention Risks - Health To obtain For calibration purposes of quantitative assessments, reference samples were included with each PCR run. The Impact of Opioid Use Disorder Services on Overdose Deaths, Access to telehealth and medications for opioid use disorder during the pandemic reduced drug overdose deaths, Bivalent Boosters Offer Better Protection Against Omicron, Updated boosters are more effective at preventing severe COVID-19 from the most common SARS-CoV-2 variant, Page last updated: contracts here. In animal models, by directly inactivating the virus,TriSb92 offers immediate and robust protection against coronavirus infection and severe COVID, said Anna R. Mkel, PhD, lead author of the study and a senior scientist in the Department of Virology at the University of Helsinki in Finland., Thestudy was published online March 24 in Nature Communications.. Pharmaceutics 14, 2059. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102059 (2022). Asthma inhalers: Which one's right for you? - Mayo Clinic With the changing epidemiology of COVID-19 and its impact on our daily lives, there is still an unmet need of COVID-19 therapies treating early infections to prevent progression. Data was analysed primarily exploratively; there was no formal testing of a given hypothesis. The current study was a randomized, parallel, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. [1] Nasal delivery of an IgM offers broad protection from SARS-CoV-2 variants. Patient disposition. Short intervals of swab collection time points, particularly during early days of infection, and high number of PCR tests aimed to monitor SARS-CoV-2 viral loads as closely as possible, considering that only limited knowledge regarding details of viral clearance was publicly available at the time of the study development. 1). New methods of fast-acting COVID-19 prevention are being researched to make it safer to be in large public gatherings like sporting events or concerts. Boots cold and flu nasal spray that costs just 6 could stop - The Sun drafted the manuscript. This observational study (HUN-VE: Hungarian Vaccine Effectiveness) estimated vaccine effectiveness against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection and COVID-19-related mortality in 3.7 million . Anna R. Mkel, PhD, senior scientist, Department of Virology, University of Helsinki, Finland. A TMPRSS2 inhibitor acts as a pan-SARS-CoV-2 prophylactic and therapeutic. Efficacy and Safety of Nasal Spray Solution Containing Human IgG1 Anti Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), Faculty of Medicine and University Hospital, University of Cologne, Kerpener Str. The active substance (azelastine hydrochloride) is a histamine-1 receptor antagonist, which shows anti-inflammatory effects via mast cell stabilization and inhibition of leukotriene and pro-inflammatory cytokine production2,3,4. Health-related quality of life in patients with COVID-19; international development of a patient-reported outcome measure. Google Scholar. From hydroxychloroquine and veterinarian doses of the antiparasitic drug ivermectin, questionableand potentially harmfultreatments for COVID-19 have circulated the internet. It's a type of antibody that targets the coronavirus' spike protein. Ct values reported as negative were replaced with the value 45, and respective cp/mL values with the value 1, and cp/mL values<2116 (ORF 1a/b gene) and cp/mL values<1950 (E gene) were replaced with the value 1. P.A.de.A., H.M. and H.A.S. At the end of the study (day 60), all except one single patient (placebo group) showed a score of 0. China and India approve nasal COVID vaccines are they a game changer? Res. The researchers compared mice treated with TriSb92 before and after exposure to SARS-CoV-2. Researchers began to work on compounds that stifle TMPRSS2s ability to interact with the viral protein. Overall, data of the primary outcome did not show a normal distribution (ShapiroWilk test, p<0.05). Overall, the current results are encouraging; however, further studies should be carried out to strengthen the findings, and treatment should be extended to other age and risk groups and cover individuals with different levels of symptom severity. "CofixRX is an antiviral nasal spray that offers up to 8 hours of protection from many cold and flu viruses." [from your CofixRx Nasal Spray product label] "Lasts for up to 8 hours per. 76, 469475. 147, 400401. performed and supervised sample processing and viral load measurements. Early intervention with azelastine nasal spray may reduce viral load in Rep. 117 https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-023-00463-7. Get the most important science stories of the day, free in your inbox. The number of possibly and probably related adverse events was comparable between treatment groups (supplementary Table S6), and no safety concerns regarding the treatment regime were raised. 17(2), 19. reported that a low pH hypromellose nasal powder spray containing common components of nasal sprays could reduce SARS-CoV-2 infection rates19. Those compounds were tested in human lung and colon cells that were then exposed to SARS-CoV-2. Early intervention with azelastine nasal spray may reduce viral load in SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Nature, 10.1038/s41586-022-04661-w. Advance online publication. The WHO clinical progression scale progressively decreased in all treatment groups during the study. We are aware that this limited the capture of COVID-19 specific issues as questions were not specifically aimed for COVID-19 patients. Symptoms were evaluated on a 5-point scale from 1=symptom absent or present very weakly to 5=symptom present very strongly: anosmia, ageusia, cough, sore throat, shortness of breath, coryza, general weakness, headache, aching limb, loss of appetite, pneumonia, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, conjunctivitis, rash, lymph node swelling, apathy, somnolence. https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-864566/v1. Decreases of viral load were also reflected in increases of negative PCR results over time. Identification of 14 known drugs as inhibitors of the main protease of SARS-CoV-2. How nasal-spray vaccines could change the pandemic, How much virus does a person with COVID exhale? Objective of the study is to assess the efficacy of Carragelose nasal and throat spray in reducing the rate, severity, and duration of COVID-19 infections. Thus, eligibility criteria were designed carefully to investigate a clearly defined, homogeneous study population of low-risk patients with a narrow age range. Nature 605, 340348 (2022). Researchers are developing coronavirus vaccines that will be sprayed up the nose. When treated with N-0385, 70% of the mice survived and had little to no lung damage. Whether the current data can be extrapolated to other SARS-CoV-2 variants needs to be investigated. The dual-target RT-PCR independently targets the ORF1a/b and the sarbecovirus E genes, and assays were considered positive if at least one target returned a positive result (Ct values reflecting an inverse relationship with viral load). Correspondence to Within the subgroup of patients with baseline Ct values below 25, a similar progression of viral load data was observed (Fig. Striking antibody evasion manifested by the Omicron variant of SARS-CoV-2. Marshall, J. C. A minimal common outcome measure set for COVID-19 clinical research. N.W. On days 1, 5, 8 and 11, patients completed the standardized SF-36 questionnaire of quality of life. For clarity reason, only cp/mL values of the ORF 1a/b gene are shown in the main text of the manuscript. Smell Retraining Therapy - ENT Health Similarly, no clinically relevant differences regarding blood oxygen saturation values were detected between groups (data not shown). Pawar, R. D. et al. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)63465-5 (1996). Google Scholar. Quality of life was assessed with the SF-36 questionnaire as no COVID-19 specific patient-reported outcome measures were available at the time of study. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01316-7 (2021). Comparably, differences in reduction of log10 viral load (cp/mL) in our study were0.63 (ORF 1a/b gene) comparing treatment with 0.1% azelastine to placebo. The study was termed CARVIN (referring to COVID-19: Azelastine nasal spray Reduces Virus-load In Nasal swabs). Viruses 13, 895. https://doi.org/10.3390/v13050895 (2021). Prevention is the best medicine, and COVID-19 vaccines block most SARS-CoV-2 infections. To evaluate the total load during the study, AUC was calculated using a linear equation. . Although no significant differences between groups regarding the total symptom score was shown, it may be speculated that the 0.1% azelastine spray may have positive influences on single symptoms such as shortness of breath, which was improved significantly greater in this treatment group compared to placebo at early time points of infection. Sci. Internet Explorer). When treated with N-0385, 70% of the mice survived and had little to no lung damage. You are using a browser version with limited support for CSS. Our study population was characterized by an initial mean viral load of log10 6.851.31cp/mL, which was higher than more recently reported SARS-CoV-2 viral load values26. A., Dion, S. P., Buchholz, D. W., Imbiakha, B., Olmstead, A. D., Jager, M., Dsilets, A., Gao, G., Martins, M., Vandal, T., Thompson, C. A. H., Chin, A., Rees, W. D., Steiner, T., Nabi, I. R., Marsault, E., Sahler, J., Diel, D. G., . It should be noted that the SARS-CoV-2 alpha variant (B.1.1.7) was the dominant variant in Germany during the enrolment phase of the current study16. And she wished she could feel confident that she could see her immunocompromised relatives without inadvertently spreading the novel coronavirus to them. If delivery took place within 24h after sampling, samples were to be stored at<25C, if storage period was greater than 24h (e.g., on Sundays), samples had to be stored and shipped at 28C. One study of about 400 health-care workers suggests a nasal spray may reduce the incidence of COVID-19 by up to 80 per cent. Comirnaty is FDA-approved as a 2-dose series for the prevention of COVID-19 in individuals 12 years of age and older. However, examples of prolonged nasal positivity have also been reported, and many factors are known to have an influence on the individual viral load and clearance27. ISSN 2045-2322 (online). Boots Dual Defence Nasal Spray is used to dampen the symptoms of cold and flu. Simon, M. W. The efficacy of azelastine in the prophylaxis of acute upper respiratory tract infections. Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. About 388 participants were included in the study Ku Z, Xie X, Hinton PR, Liu X, Ye X, Muruato AE, Ng DC, Biswas S, Zou J, Liu Y, Pandya D, Menachery VD, Rahman S, Cao . Azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray is an approved medicinal product currently available at a concentration of 0.1% w/v to treat allergic rhinitis. Studies into Xlear's antiviral effects on SARS . https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04388-0 (2022). On day 16, an on-site visit (V8) for female patients was conducted to perform a urine pregnancy test and to assess the safety of the therapy. were involved in data management. 1). KaplanMeier survival analyses with log-rank test were performed to display the occurrence of negative PCR test results upon treatment. Pharmacometric modeling of the impact of azelastine nasal spray on SARS-CoV-2 viral load and related symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Boots UK - Swansea University Research Study of NHS Frontline Workers Google Scholar. The liquid contains NO at 0.11 ppm*hour, which acts as a viricidal agent. Odhar, H. A. et al. Eric Topol, MD, director and founder, Scripps Research Translational Institute, La Jolla, CA; editor-in-chief, Medscape. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2020.5490 (2021). Efficacy and safety of the sofosbuvir/velpatasvir combination for the treatment of patients with early mild to moderate COVID-19, Antiviral and clinical activity of bamlanivimab in a randomized trial of non-hospitalized adults with COVID-19, Randomized controlled trial of favipiravir, hydroxychloroquine, and standard care in patients with mild/moderate COVID-19 disease, Viral clearance after early corticosteroid treatment in patients with moderate or severe covid-19, Emergence of SARS-CoV-2 escape mutations during Bamlanivimab therapy in a phase II randomized clinical trial, Impact of vaccination on new SARS-CoV-2 infections in the United Kingdom, Long-term SARS-CoV-2 RNA shedding and its temporal association to IgG seropositivity, Hydroxychloroquine use against SARS-CoV-2 infection in non-human primates, Preventive and therapeutic benefits of nelfinavir in rhesus macaques and human beings infected with SARS-CoV-2, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-022-01780-9, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1081-1206(10)63465-5, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41401-020-00556-6, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.11.095, https://doi.org/10.1021/acsmedchemlett.0c00521, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11224-020-01605-w, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2022.861295, https://doi.org/10.1016/s1473-3099(20)30483-7, https://doi.org/10.1007/s11739-021-02786-w, https://doi.org/10.1016/s2213-2600(20)30354-4, https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-864566/v1, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-021-04573-1, https://doi.org/10.1007/s43440-023-00463-7, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinf.2021.05.009, https://doi.org/10.1080/14787210.2021.1908127, https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112502, https://doi.org/10.1001/jamaoto.2020.5490, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-021-00847-2, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-021-01316-7, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2196-x, https://doi.org/10.1186/s12985-021-01559-3, https://doi.org/10.1089/088318703322751327, https://doi.org/10.1186/s41687-022-00434-1, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-04388-0, https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14102059, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Cancel Early negativization of SARS-CoV-2 infection by nasal spray of seawater plus additives: The RENAISSANCE open-label controlled clinical trial. was the principal investigator responsible for the conduct of the study, M.G. 8, 701709. Internet Explorer). Patients were visited and tested at home on regular basis by the investigators, physicians specialised in otorhinolaryngology, medical hygiene, or general medicine. A study of frontline workers is looking into how a Boots nasal spray could prevent Covid-19. Nationwide effectiveness of five SARS-CoV-2 vaccines in - PubMed A pilot study of 0.4% povidone-iodine nasal spray to eradicate SARS-CoV-2 in the nasopharynx. Sign up for the Nature Briefing newsletter what matters in science, free to your inbox daily. Killingley, B. et al. E.N., V.S., G.N., R.K., A.B., M.F. Chem. Comirnaty is also authorized . The experimental drug works in mice, and researchers believe it may be effective in humans. Our study results provide the first human data showing that azelastine hydrochloride nasal spray used in a 0.1% concentration may be effective in accelerating the reduction of virus load in the nasal cavity and improving symptoms reported by COVID-19 patients. Multinomial regression analysis was done to 26 determine the association between nasal carriage of Bacillus and COVID-19 severity after 27 adjusting for age, sex, and co-morbidity status. The shown effects of azelastine nasal spray may thus be suggestive of azelastines potential as an antiviral treatment. PubMed Central A complete list of inclusion and exclusion criteria is presented in Table 1. COVID-19 Get the latest information from the CDC about COVID-19. Article Comirnaty is the FDA-approved monovalent COVID-19 (coronavirus 2019) vaccine made by Pfizer for BioNTech. The sprays generally require multiple doses per day, whereas a single dose of a nasal vaccine may protect for months, he said. Pharmaceutics 14, 2502. https://doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics14112502 (2022). The Sponsor designed a dual chamber nasal spray bottle for NORS administration. Future studies will help understanding the impact of azelastine hydrochloride in treating SARS-CoV-2 infected patients. Reznikov, L. R. et al. Nasal antiviral blocks SARS-CoV-2 infection in mice, Finding Effective Treatments for SARS-CoV-2 Variants, Understanding the Range of Reactions to SARS-CoV-2, Lee, K. (2022, April 27). Negative PCR results appeared earlier and more frequently in the azelastine treated groups: being 18.52% and 21.43% in the 0.1% and 0.02% groups, respectively, compared to 0% for placebo on day 8. Upon treatment, a gradual decline of viral load from baseline (day 1) to day 11 of treatment was observed in all three study groups. Receive 51 print issues and online access, Get just this article for as long as you need it, Prices may be subject to local taxes which are calculated during checkout, doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-022-03341-z. The reduction of the symptom score from baseline to day 11 was 8.389.42 in the 0.02% azelastine group and 11.129.45 in the placebo group. Nasal sprays may be a promising first line of defense against SARS-CoV-2 infection. PM, MF, DG, CS and BS are employed at URSAPHARM Arzneimittel GmbH. Many elderly people as well asindividuals who are immunodeficient for various reasons do not respond to vaccines, and are in the need of other protective measures, said Kalle Saksela, MD, PhD, senior author of the study and a virologist at the University of Helsinki. The study, published March 28 in the journal Nature, employed experimental mice engineered with human . volume13, Articlenumber:6839 (2023) Patient reported outcomes were documented by patient diaries and questionnaires. One misinformed. Subgroups were analysed exploratorily (e.g., subgroups regarding gender, age, symptom severity, etc.). Treatment kits were manufactured by URSAPHARM Arzneimittel GmbH, Saarbruecken, Germany, according to the randomization list (as sequentially numbered containers). Kalle Saksela, MD, PhD, virologist, University of Helsinki, Nature Communications: Intranasal trimeric sherpabody inhibits SARS-CoV-2 including recent immunoevasive Omicron subvariants.. Moreover, this group showed that azelastine has the potential to inhibit SARS-CoV-2 cell entry by binding to the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor and to inhibit intracellular virus replication through binding to the sigma-1 receptor6. Molecular docking and dynamics simulation of FDA approved drugs with the main protease from 2019 novel coronavirus. Hamasaki, Y. et al. Could a nose spray a day keep COVID away? - nature.com Researchers found that for people who regularly used a prescription corticosteroid like Beconase or Nasonex before getting sick with COVID-19, the risk of severe outcomes like hospitalization and death dropped by as much as 25%. The most common COVID-19 symptoms (loss of sense of smell, loss of taste, fever, cough, and coryza) improved over time in all 3 treatment groups; and no statistical differences were observed between groups. While comparison of categorial variables between groups were performed by Chi square testing, continuous variables were compared using ANCOVA with the factors baseline, visit, and treatment group.